Second urbanization (500 BC - 200 BC)

 Vardhamana Mahavira (539- 467) BC

24th thirthankara(called Jinan)
Holy book of Jainism -Agamasiddantha
The principal ideas of Jainism mentioned in the book Moola Sutra.
3 principles of Jainism:-
Right faith, Right knowledge & Right conduct
The laws that Jain monks should follow is mentioned in Cheeda Sutram.
Jain literature called Avathanangal.
'Jeevakachinta mani', a Tamil writing done by Jain monk Thiruthaga Tevar.
Sangas led to rapid spread of Jainism
Later divided into 2 sects:-
Svetambaras(whiteclad) & Digambaras(skyclad/naked)-
Leader Sthulabahu
1st Jain council at Padaliputra
2nd Jain council at Valabhi
Jain literature- Twelve Angas

Gautama Buddha (567- 487) BC:-----------
Gautama(Siddhartha) born at Lumbini garden near Kapilavastu.
Mother Mahamaya
Son Rahulan
Bodhi tree
Buddha- the enlightened one
Died at Kusinagara.
Kings disciples- prasenajit of kosala, bimbisara, ajathasatru of magadha.
4 noble truths :- World is full of suffering, Cause of suffering is desire, Get rid of desire, suffering is removed, To do this, Follow 8 fold path-

      Right(view/ resolve/ speech/ conduct /livelihood /effort /mindfulness /concentration).

Emphasised Law of karma
Never accept/reject existence of God

Disciples 2 types- monks (bhikshus) & lay worshippers(upasikas).
Mahayana Buddhism, New school of Buddhism came into existence- 4th Buddhist council
Sukhvaadhi- The heaven of Mahayana.
Hinayana Buddhism- preached by Buddha, propagated by Asoka.
Buddha texts called Tripitakas(the Sutta, the Vinaya, the Abhidhamma pithakas)- written in Pali.
Contributions-
Concept of Ahimsa
Contribution to art & architecture- stupas at Sanchi, Bharhut, Gaya.
Promote education through residential universities- Taxila, Nalanda & Vikramasila.
Takshashila- oldest Indian university.
Spread of Indian culture to other parts of Asia.
1st biography on Buddha is 'Buddha charitham' by Aswaghosha.
'Vasubandu' or 'Abhidharma kosa' is the dictionary of Buddhism.
The world's largest Buddha place- Lasa, Tibet.
1st Buddhist Council at around 400BC under the patronage of king Ajathasatru, presided by monk Mahakashyapa, at Rajgriha in Sattapani caves.
2nd in 383BC, was to settle a dispute on Vinaya Pitaka, the code of discipline.
Held at Vaisali, patron king Kalasoka, presided by Sabakami.
3rd Buddhist council (250BC) held at Padaliputra, patronage of king Asoka, presided by Moggaliputta Tissa.
4th held at Kundalvana, Kashmir(72A.D.) patron king Kanishka & president Vasumitra, deputy Asvaghosa. This council divided Buddhism into Mahayana & Hinayana.

Bimbisara (546- 494) BC ;-------
Established Haryanka dynasty.
Jeevakan, a doctor in his ministry.
Was killed by his son Ajatasatru.

Ajatasatru (494- 462) BC ;-------
Alexander- 1st European to invade India(326 BC).
Battle of Hydaspus- b/w Alexander & Porus(326 BC).
Demitrius called the 2nd Alexander.