The study of Rivers
- Potamology.
Indian River System is of two-
1).Himalayan Rivers- [Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra]
2).Peninsular Rivers-
West flowing rivers- [Narmada, Tapti]
East flowing- [Krishna, Kaveri, Mahanadi, Godavari]
Indian River System is of two-
1).Himalayan Rivers- [Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra]
2).Peninsular Rivers-
West flowing rivers- [Narmada, Tapti]
East flowing- [Krishna, Kaveri, Mahanadi, Godavari]
--------[Himalayan Rivers]--------
Indus(Sindhu) ;--------
Originate near Manasasarovar Lake in Tibetan plateau.
Total length of 2880km, out of which 709 km flow through India & longest among Himalayan rivers.
The Westernmost river in the Indian subcontinent.
Longest Himalayan river.
Only west flowing Himalayan river.
River enters India in the Ladakh district of J&K.
Leh- only Indian city on its banks.
Merges into Arabian Sea at Karachi, Pakistan.
Largest dam- Tarbela(Pakistan).
Sven Hedin- Swedish explorer discovered origin of the Indus river.
Called 'Singi Khamban'(Lion's Mouth)in Tibet.
The Indus river agreement was signed
b/w India & Pakistan on 19th September 1960( Nehru & Ayoob Khan)
Tributaries- Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas & Sutlej.
Jhelum ;----
Originate at Verinag glacier in Kashmir Valley.
Jhelum flows into Wular lake.
Srinagar- summer capital of J &K, situated on its banks.
Greek name- Hydaspus
Battle of Hydaspus(326 BC).
Major power projects- Mangala, Kishanganga, Uri, Tul Bul.
Chenab ;----
Originate at Bara-Lacha in Lahul spiti valley of Himachal P.
Called Chandra-bhaga in Himachal P.
Baglihar dam, Dulhasti project, Salal project.
Ravi ;----
Originate from Roh-tang pass in Kulu valley (Himachal P).
Harappa & Lahore situated on banks of Ravi.
Smallest river in Punjab.
Ranjith Sagar Dam(Thein Dam), Punjab (2000).
Beas;----
Only tributary of Indus, flows completely through India.
Smallest tributary of Indus.
Originate at Roh-tang pass, flow through Kulu valley.
Maharana Prathap Sagar Dam (Pong Dam).
Satluj(Satadru);-----------
Originate at Rakshastal, Tibet.
Enters India through Shipkila pass, HP.
Bakranangal dam project(H.P).
Bakra dam started in 1948 & finished in 1963. The dam gave shape to the Govindsagar pond. The water from Bakra dam flow down 13 kms to Nangal dam. The biggest beneficiaries of the project are HP, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan & Delhi.
Longest tributary of river Indus in India (1450km).
Firospur, Ludhiana situated on the banks of Satluj.
Indira Gandhi canal(Rajasthan canal)- largest canal in India.
Ludhiana & Firozpur on the banks of Sutlej.
Bhagirathy ;-----------
Tehri (Uttarakhand)- India's highest dam (261m) is in the river. 1st phase of the project started in 1978 & completed in 2006.
Bhagirathy & Alakananda confluence at Devaprayag to form Ganga.
Ganga ;--------
Longest river in India(2525km).
Declared National river on 2008 November 4.
At Devaprayag(Uttarakhand), Bhagirathi & Alakananda merge together to form Ganga river.
Ganga originates at Gangotri glacier (Gaimukh in Uttarakhand) & falls in Bay of Bengal. She travels through 4 states.
River reaches plateau at Hrishikesh.
Ganga cover maximum length in UP.
Biggest tributary of Ganga is Yamuna, which joins Ganga at Prayag(Allahabad), UP.
Triveni Sangam(Prayag) meeting place of Ganga, Yamuna & Saraswathi.
Farakka dam (W Bengal), constructed in the river in 1986, with a length of 2240m. The object was to control riverflow, divert water to hoogli in summer, save Kolkata port from taking residue. Beyond Farakka Ganga called as Pathma.
Ganga goes to Bangladesh as Pathma/Keerthinasini.
Major cities- Kanpur, Haridwar, Varanasi, Patna, Allahabad & Rishikesh.
Ganga Distributaries- Hooghly & Padma.
Ganga river agreement b/w India & Bangladesh(1996).
Sunderban- world's largest delta formed by Ganga & Brahmaputra.
Mahatma Gandhi Setu bridge- one of the longest river bridge is in Ganga.
Rajiv Gandhi launched Ganga Action plan (1986).
Ram-Ganga flows through Jim Corbett NPark.
National Waterway 1 is in Ganga connecting Haldia & Allahabad.
Yamuna(Kalindi) ;----------
Originates at Yamunothri glacier (Uttarakhand), travel 1376km.
Largest tributary of river Ganga.
The river flows through Delhi, Agra, Madurai.
Main tributaries are Chambal, Ken, Betwa, Tons.
Saraswathi ;----
River is invisible & said to flow underground.
Hooghly ;----
Distributary of river Ganga.
Kolkata situated on the banks of Hooghly.
Rabindra Sethu(Howrah bridge), Vivekananda Sethu, Vidyasagar Sethu bridges in the river.
Bhramaputra (Lowhithya);--------
Most water abundant river of India- Bhramaputra (total 2900km-916km through India). The wide islands in the river is called Majuli.
Called Red river/Grief of Assom.
Called Sangpo at Tibet, Dihang at Arunachal Pradesh, Jamuna at Bangladesh.
Originate at Chemayungdung near Manasasarovar Lake.
River enters India through Sadiya, Arunachal P.
Teestha river is a tributary.
India's longest bridge is at construction on the river called Bogybill connects Dibrugadh & upper Assom.
Called Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet.
--------[Peninsula Rivers]--------
Narmada ;------------------
It's the largest river flowing West(1312km).
Called 'A river b/w 2 mountains'.
Originate at Amarkantak plateau of M.P.
River form a traditional boundary b/w North India & South India.
River flows b/w Vindhya & Satpura Ranges.
Flows through Rift Valley.
Drains into Arabian Sea at Gulf of Khambat.
Sardar Sarovar dam project(2017) is across Narmada river. The project consists of 30 large , 135 medium & 3000 small dams. It's India's largest hydropower development project. Main beneficiaries are Gujarat, M.P, Rajasthan & Maharashtra.
It's the 2nd largest dam in the world.
Social Movement against project- Narmada Bachao Angolan (led by Medha Patkar).
Tapti river ;--------
River 724km long.
Called 'Twin/Handmade' of Narmada.
Originate from Multai forest of M.P.
Surat on Tapti banks.
Luni ;----
Flows through Thar Desert.
Originates from Aravalli range & ends in Manshy Islands of Ran of Kutch.
Landlocked river.
Ahmedabad & Gandhinagar situated on its banks.
Krishna ;-------------
2nd largest peninsula river in India(1400km).
The river originates at Mahabaleswar (Maharashtra) flows to Bay of Bengal.
Vijayanagara empire remnants on its banks.
Nagarjuna Sagar dam at Telangana(1974), is the biggest masonry dam in India.
Srishilum dam at Andra Pradesh(1984).
Almatty dam at Karnataka(1999).
Karnataka dispute with Andhra P over Almatti dam.
Vijayawada located on its banks.
Koyna, Thungabadra, Bhima, Gataprabha, Malaprabha are main tributaries.
Kaveri (Dakshin Ganga);---------
Length- 800km.
Originate at 'Taal Kaveri' in Brahmagiri hills (Kotaku-Karnataka).
1st dam in India is the Grand dam(Kallanai dam) built by Karikaala chola as rock dam in 1st century A.D. across Kaveri. In 19th century the dam was rebuilt to give name Grand (T Nadu).
Krishna Raja Sagar dam at Karnataka (1931).
Sivasamudram & Srirangapatanam at Karnataka are the islands formed by Kaveri river.
Sivasamudram project- India's 1st modern hydroelectric project.
Sivasamudram Falls has 2 series of rapids- Bhar Chukki & Gagana Chukki.
Srirangam island(T.nadu) also formed by Kaveri river.
Tributaries- Kabani, Bhavani, Pambar, Amaravathi, Hemavathi & Lakshmanatheertha.
Hogenakal waterfall(Niagra of India).
Krishnarajasagar dam, Metur dam.
Srirangapatanam, Mysore, Thanjavur & Erode lies on its banks.
Kaveri empties into Bay of Bengal at Poompuhar (T.Nadu).
River water dispute b/w T.Nadu & Karnataka.
Mahanadi ;---------
Mahanadi originates at Maikala ranges of Raipur (dhamdari village)Chhattisgarh, length 857km.
River flow east, reaches Bay of Bengal in Odisha.
India's longest dam is Hirakud dam at Mahanadi(Odisha). The dam consists of 4.8 km main dam & 21 km dike (chira). It's the longest in the world, if considered both the lengths.
Dam inaugurated by Jawaharlal Nehru in 13th January 1957.
The river is called the Grief of Odisha.
Cuttack & Sambalpur on its banks.
Paradeep port(Odisha) on the mouth of Mahanadi.
Tributaries- Ib, Tel, Sheonath.
Godavari (Vridha Ganga) ;--------
2nd longest river in India(1465km) & Largest river in South India
Originate at Triambak hills, near Nasik (Maharashtra).
Tributaries- Manjira, Warda, Purna, Penganga, Waiganga, Indravathi.
Nasik & Rajamudry on its banks.
Sriram sagar project (Pochampad).
River Damodar ;--------
The grief of Bengal.
Damodar valley dam project is the 1st multipurpose river valley project of independent India. It's modeled from Tennis valley project of USA. Project started in 1948 July 7th. The main beneficiaries are Jharkhand & W Bengal.
The 1st dam to form part of the project is the Thilayya dam across Baraker river.
River Damodar is a tributary of river Hoogli.
Pancheth hill dam at Jharkhand(1959).
Indira Gandhi irrigation project to avail water to NE regions of Rajasthan. Its length is 650 km. It starts from Harike check dam.
India's port on far south- V O Chidambaram pilla port, Toothukudy
Red soil is found in Chotanagpur plateau.
Kosi river ;--------
Kosi dam at river Kosi, Bihar built in 1962.
Kosi river called the grief of Bihar.
Most dangerous river in India.
Multipurpose river valley project at India & Nepal.
Bahligar dam across river chinab in J&K built in 2009.
Tungabhadra dam at Tungabhadra river, Karnataka(1953).
Hithkal dam at river Khada-prabha, Karnataka(1977).
Idduki dam across Periyar, Kerala(1974).
Cheruthoni dam at Cheruthoni river(1976)
Edamalayar dam at Edamalayar river (1985).
Koyna dam at Koyna river, Maharashtra in 1964.
Rana prathab sagar dam at river chambal, Rajasthan(1970).
Sholayar dam at river Sholayar, T.N(1972).
Kalinadi hydel project is at Karnataka.
Jog falls- India's highest waterfalls is in the river Sharavati.
River Luni is a landlocked river.
Madurai is situated on the banks of river Vaiga.
Kolleru lake- Largest Freshwater lake in South India.
Sheonath- 1st privatized river in India.
Originate near Manasasarovar Lake in Tibetan plateau.
Total length of 2880km, out of which 709 km flow through India & longest among Himalayan rivers.
The Westernmost river in the Indian subcontinent.
Longest Himalayan river.
Only west flowing Himalayan river.
River enters India in the Ladakh district of J&K.
Leh- only Indian city on its banks.
Merges into Arabian Sea at Karachi, Pakistan.
Largest dam- Tarbela(Pakistan).
Sven Hedin- Swedish explorer discovered origin of the Indus river.
Called 'Singi Khamban'(Lion's Mouth)in Tibet.
The Indus river agreement was signed
b/w India & Pakistan on 19th September 1960( Nehru & Ayoob Khan)
Tributaries- Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas & Sutlej.
Jhelum ;----
Originate at Verinag glacier in Kashmir Valley.
Jhelum flows into Wular lake.
Srinagar- summer capital of J &K, situated on its banks.
Greek name- Hydaspus
Battle of Hydaspus(326 BC).
Major power projects- Mangala, Kishanganga, Uri, Tul Bul.
Chenab ;----
Originate at Bara-Lacha in Lahul spiti valley of Himachal P.
Called Chandra-bhaga in Himachal P.
Baglihar dam, Dulhasti project, Salal project.
Ravi ;----
Originate from Roh-tang pass in Kulu valley (Himachal P).
Harappa & Lahore situated on banks of Ravi.
Smallest river in Punjab.
Ranjith Sagar Dam(Thein Dam), Punjab (2000).
Beas;----
Only tributary of Indus, flows completely through India.
Smallest tributary of Indus.
Originate at Roh-tang pass, flow through Kulu valley.
Maharana Prathap Sagar Dam (Pong Dam).
Satluj(Satadru);-----------
Originate at Rakshastal, Tibet.
Enters India through Shipkila pass, HP.
Bakranangal dam project(H.P).
Bakra dam started in 1948 & finished in 1963. The dam gave shape to the Govindsagar pond. The water from Bakra dam flow down 13 kms to Nangal dam. The biggest beneficiaries of the project are HP, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan & Delhi.
Longest tributary of river Indus in India (1450km).
Firospur, Ludhiana situated on the banks of Satluj.
Indira Gandhi canal(Rajasthan canal)- largest canal in India.
Ludhiana & Firozpur on the banks of Sutlej.
Bhagirathy ;-----------
Tehri (Uttarakhand)- India's highest dam (261m) is in the river. 1st phase of the project started in 1978 & completed in 2006.
Bhagirathy & Alakananda confluence at Devaprayag to form Ganga.
Ganga ;--------
Longest river in India(2525km).
Declared National river on 2008 November 4.
At Devaprayag(Uttarakhand), Bhagirathi & Alakananda merge together to form Ganga river.
Ganga originates at Gangotri glacier (Gaimukh in Uttarakhand) & falls in Bay of Bengal. She travels through 4 states.
River reaches plateau at Hrishikesh.
Ganga cover maximum length in UP.
Biggest tributary of Ganga is Yamuna, which joins Ganga at Prayag(Allahabad), UP.
Triveni Sangam(Prayag) meeting place of Ganga, Yamuna & Saraswathi.
Farakka dam (W Bengal), constructed in the river in 1986, with a length of 2240m. The object was to control riverflow, divert water to hoogli in summer, save Kolkata port from taking residue. Beyond Farakka Ganga called as Pathma.
Ganga goes to Bangladesh as Pathma/Keerthinasini.
Major cities- Kanpur, Haridwar, Varanasi, Patna, Allahabad & Rishikesh.
Ganga Distributaries- Hooghly & Padma.
Ganga river agreement b/w India & Bangladesh(1996).
Sunderban- world's largest delta formed by Ganga & Brahmaputra.
Mahatma Gandhi Setu bridge- one of the longest river bridge is in Ganga.
Rajiv Gandhi launched Ganga Action plan (1986).
Ram-Ganga flows through Jim Corbett NPark.
National Waterway 1 is in Ganga connecting Haldia & Allahabad.
Yamuna(Kalindi) ;----------
Originates at Yamunothri glacier (Uttarakhand), travel 1376km.
Largest tributary of river Ganga.
The river flows through Delhi, Agra, Madurai.
Main tributaries are Chambal, Ken, Betwa, Tons.
Saraswathi ;----
River is invisible & said to flow underground.
Hooghly ;----
Distributary of river Ganga.
Kolkata situated on the banks of Hooghly.
Rabindra Sethu(Howrah bridge), Vivekananda Sethu, Vidyasagar Sethu bridges in the river.
Bhramaputra (Lowhithya);--------
Most water abundant river of India- Bhramaputra (total 2900km-916km through India). The wide islands in the river is called Majuli.
Called Red river/Grief of Assom.
Called Sangpo at Tibet, Dihang at Arunachal Pradesh, Jamuna at Bangladesh.
Originate at Chemayungdung near Manasasarovar Lake.
River enters India through Sadiya, Arunachal P.
Teestha river is a tributary.
India's longest bridge is at construction on the river called Bogybill connects Dibrugadh & upper Assom.
Called Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet.
--------[Peninsula Rivers]--------
Narmada ;------------------
It's the largest river flowing West(1312km).
Called 'A river b/w 2 mountains'.
Originate at Amarkantak plateau of M.P.
River form a traditional boundary b/w North India & South India.
River flows b/w Vindhya & Satpura Ranges.
Flows through Rift Valley.
Drains into Arabian Sea at Gulf of Khambat.
Sardar Sarovar dam project(2017) is across Narmada river. The project consists of 30 large , 135 medium & 3000 small dams. It's India's largest hydropower development project. Main beneficiaries are Gujarat, M.P, Rajasthan & Maharashtra.
It's the 2nd largest dam in the world.
Social Movement against project- Narmada Bachao Angolan (led by Medha Patkar).
Tapti river ;--------
River 724km long.
Called 'Twin/Handmade' of Narmada.
Originate from Multai forest of M.P.
Surat on Tapti banks.
Luni ;----
Flows through Thar Desert.
Originates from Aravalli range & ends in Manshy Islands of Ran of Kutch.
Landlocked river.
Ahmedabad & Gandhinagar situated on its banks.
Krishna ;-------------
2nd largest peninsula river in India(1400km).
The river originates at Mahabaleswar (Maharashtra) flows to Bay of Bengal.
Vijayanagara empire remnants on its banks.
Nagarjuna Sagar dam at Telangana(1974), is the biggest masonry dam in India.
Srishilum dam at Andra Pradesh(1984).
Almatty dam at Karnataka(1999).
Karnataka dispute with Andhra P over Almatti dam.
Vijayawada located on its banks.
Koyna, Thungabadra, Bhima, Gataprabha, Malaprabha are main tributaries.
Kaveri (Dakshin Ganga);---------
Length- 800km.
Originate at 'Taal Kaveri' in Brahmagiri hills (Kotaku-Karnataka).
1st dam in India is the Grand dam(Kallanai dam) built by Karikaala chola as rock dam in 1st century A.D. across Kaveri. In 19th century the dam was rebuilt to give name Grand (T Nadu).
Krishna Raja Sagar dam at Karnataka (1931).
Sivasamudram & Srirangapatanam at Karnataka are the islands formed by Kaveri river.
Sivasamudram project- India's 1st modern hydroelectric project.
Sivasamudram Falls has 2 series of rapids- Bhar Chukki & Gagana Chukki.
Srirangam island(T.nadu) also formed by Kaveri river.
Tributaries- Kabani, Bhavani, Pambar, Amaravathi, Hemavathi & Lakshmanatheertha.
Hogenakal waterfall(Niagra of India).
Krishnarajasagar dam, Metur dam.
Srirangapatanam, Mysore, Thanjavur & Erode lies on its banks.
Kaveri empties into Bay of Bengal at Poompuhar (T.Nadu).
River water dispute b/w T.Nadu & Karnataka.
Mahanadi ;---------
Mahanadi originates at Maikala ranges of Raipur (dhamdari village)Chhattisgarh, length 857km.
River flow east, reaches Bay of Bengal in Odisha.
India's longest dam is Hirakud dam at Mahanadi(Odisha). The dam consists of 4.8 km main dam & 21 km dike (chira). It's the longest in the world, if considered both the lengths.
Dam inaugurated by Jawaharlal Nehru in 13th January 1957.
The river is called the Grief of Odisha.
Cuttack & Sambalpur on its banks.
Paradeep port(Odisha) on the mouth of Mahanadi.
Tributaries- Ib, Tel, Sheonath.
Godavari (Vridha Ganga) ;--------
2nd longest river in India(1465km) & Largest river in South India
Originate at Triambak hills, near Nasik (Maharashtra).
Tributaries- Manjira, Warda, Purna, Penganga, Waiganga, Indravathi.
Nasik & Rajamudry on its banks.
Sriram sagar project (Pochampad).
River Damodar ;--------
The grief of Bengal.
Damodar valley dam project is the 1st multipurpose river valley project of independent India. It's modeled from Tennis valley project of USA. Project started in 1948 July 7th. The main beneficiaries are Jharkhand & W Bengal.
The 1st dam to form part of the project is the Thilayya dam across Baraker river.
River Damodar is a tributary of river Hoogli.
Pancheth hill dam at Jharkhand(1959).
Indira Gandhi irrigation project to avail water to NE regions of Rajasthan. Its length is 650 km. It starts from Harike check dam.
India's port on far south- V O Chidambaram pilla port, Toothukudy
Red soil is found in Chotanagpur plateau.
Kosi river ;--------
Kosi dam at river Kosi, Bihar built in 1962.
Kosi river called the grief of Bihar.
Most dangerous river in India.
Multipurpose river valley project at India & Nepal.
Bahligar dam across river chinab in J&K built in 2009.
Tungabhadra dam at Tungabhadra river, Karnataka(1953).
Hithkal dam at river Khada-prabha, Karnataka(1977).
Idduki dam across Periyar, Kerala(1974).
Cheruthoni dam at Cheruthoni river(1976)
Edamalayar dam at Edamalayar river (1985).
Koyna dam at Koyna river, Maharashtra in 1964.
Rana prathab sagar dam at river chambal, Rajasthan(1970).
Sholayar dam at river Sholayar, T.N(1972).
Kalinadi hydel project is at Karnataka.
Jog falls- India's highest waterfalls is in the river Sharavati.
River Luni is a landlocked river.
Madurai is situated on the banks of river Vaiga.
Kolleru lake- Largest Freshwater lake in South India.
Sheonath- 1st privatized river in India.
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