Earth's atmosphere

Earth's atmosphere is made up of gases.

Oxygen 21%, Nitrogen 78%, Argon 0.93%, Carbon dioxide 0.038%.

The movement of atmospheric air is called wind. Force of Gravity holds the atmosphere in place.

Homosphere- the region up to 90 km height from the Earth's surface.

Heterosphere- the region above 90 km height.

Homosphere consists of 5 regions ;-

1).Troposphere- the bottom most region of atmosphere. It extends up to 17 km at the equator & 9 km in the poles.

Living beings including humans live in this sphere. With altitude temperature decreases at a rate of 6.4℃/km. This phenomenon is called as Normal lapse rate. Tropopause divides troposphere & stratosphere.

2).Stratosphere- this zone extends up to 50 km. No clouds in this region.

The temperature at the bottom remains constant, but increases gradually upwards due to the chemical conversion of oxygen into Ozone.

Ozone is blue in colour.

Nimbus-7 was the space shuttle launched to find ozone.

Jet crafts fly along the lower stratosphere because of less weather troubles.

Air is light & dry.

Stratopause divides stratosphere & mesosphere.

3).Mesosphere- this region extends up to 80 km altitude. With altitude temperature decreases in this zone.

Meteorites get dispersed off in the region.

 Mesopause divides mesosphere & thermosphere. Atmospheric temperature reaches its lowest at mesopause.

Ionosphere- lies in mesosphere & thermosphere. Ionized particles are found here.

4).Thermosphere- Atmospheric temperature reaches maximum at this area up to 700℃. Low air density.

Space shuttles & International space station lies in this region.

Aurora Borealis, Aurora Austrialis happens here.The charged particles from space strikes with atmospheric particles giving rise to this phenomenon.

5).Exosphere- It's the topmost region on Earth's atmosphere mainly consist of Hydrogen & Helium. The region meets with Space.

Earth’s Climate

Koppen Classification (1884) by Vladimir Koppen(Russia) classify the weather pattern into 5 types-

1.Tropical moist Climate.

2.Dry Climates

3.Moist mid-latitude climates with mild winters.

4.Moist mid-latitude with cold winters. Polar climates with extremely cold winters & summers.

5.Highland Climates.

Tropic of cancer divides Northern hemisphere into two. It pass through India.
The lines passing parallel to the equator are called latitude(parallels).

Tropic of cancer is the northern latitude at 23˚ 26' 22". It passes through 8 Indian states (Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, W Bengal, Mizoram, Tripura).
Indian standard time refers to local time of Allahabad.

IST is 5h 30m ahead of Greenwich meantime.
Summer Solstices- the day in which Sun is directly above the Tropic of cancer. It happens every year June (20/21), which is the longest day in the Northern hemisphere.
Paris Agreement on Climate change was adopted by 185 nations(Dec 2015).
Fujita Scale is used to measure the intensity of Tornados.
India experiences Tropical monsoon climate.

Clouds were 1st classified by Luke Howard.
Nimbostratus clouds were called rain clouds.
Earth hour is observed on the last Saturday of March evey year from 8.30p.m. to 9.30p.m.
World Earth Day- December 5.