Solar System

Total planets in solar system- 8 no.s

Sun :----
Energy produced by nuclear fusion at the Core.
The outer layer of Sun is called Corona. The black marks on the photosphere- Sun spots.
Four hydrogen nuclei(protons) collide to form a Helium nucleus to produce 28 MeV.
Fusion happens at 1.5 Kelvin temperature & 3,40,000 crore Bar pressure.
70 Crore tonne Hydrogen converted to Helium in 1 second.
Hance Bethe discovered fusion energy production at Sun.
Energy produced as Gamma rays & come out of Sun's core after lakhs of years due to its high dense state. By then it's bulk converted into Visible Light, UV, infrared, radio waves.
SoHO- spacecraft send to study the internal structure of the sun called Solar & Heliosperic Observatory. It's a combined effort from European space agency & NASA.
Aditya- India's 1st mission to study Sun will launch in 2017-18.
Sun's travel speed- 618 km/s.

1. Mercury-(budhan);----
The smallest planet & closest to the Sun.
It has no satellites. The density & magnetism similar to earth.
Mercury's revolution time is 88 days.
Mercury's rotation time is 58 days.
The planet with least escape velocity & high temperature, so no atmosphere.
'Messenger' was the spacecraft launched by USA(2004) to observe the planet.
Romans called it 'Apollo' at morning & 'Hermis' in evenings.

2. Venus-(Shukran);----
Named after the Roman goddess Venus.
Pythagoras found it as Morning star & Evening star.
Planet closest to the Earth & reflects sunlight more & show greenhouse effects.
Planet experiences the longest days & nights in milky way.
NO satellites as Mercury.
Known as the twin planet of the Earth.
Only planet to rotate from East to West, so seems like Sun rise in west & sets in east.
Only planet to take more time for Rotation than Revolution.
The atmosphere is filled with Sulphuric Acid clouds. Majority is CO2.
Highest peak in the planet is Mount Maxwell surrounded by the vast plateau called 'Laxmiplanum'.
Arabian Tera- a crater found in Venus.
Transit of Venus- when Venus come b/w Sun & Earth.
European Space Agency launched spacecraft 'Venus Express' to observe the planet.

3. Earth;----
5th largest planet in the solar system.
The Shape of Earth is Geoid or Oblatesperoid.
Earth coretemperature is 2600℃.
Earth's average temperature is 16 ℃.
Sun's distance from Earth - One Astronomical Unit.
Sun's rays reach earth in 500 seconds.
Proxima Centorary- The star nearest to earth after Sun.
Titan- satellite called as Earth's clone.
The biggest meteor rock ever to impact earth was on Namibia(1920)- Hoba West (60 ton).
Earth revolution time- 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes. (Speed- 29.72 km/s)
Earth's rotation time- 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4 seconds.
Earth's equatorial diameter- 12,742 km.

4. Mars :----
Named after the Greek warlord mars.
Also called the red/rusted/fossil planet.
It takes about 24 hours & 37 minutes to one revolution around Sun.
90% atmosphere is Co2.
Phobos-(black moon), Simos- 2 satellites.
In 1877, Asaf Hall discovered them.
Spirit, Opportunity- NASA exploratory missions.
Olimpus Mons situated in mars is the highest volcano mountain in the Solar system.27 kms.
Mars pathfinder- 1st to circled the planet.
1 year in Mars= 687 Earth days.
1 day= 1 sol in Mars.

The Timeline of Mars is divided as Nokian, Hespirian & Amazonian periods.
The craters with Indian names Broch, Lonar, Pune, Santila are in Mars.

5. Jupiter :----
The largest planet in the solar system with maximum satellites.
Takes 12 years to complete 1 revolution around Sun.
Satellites of Jupiter- Amalthia, Himalia, Sinopi, Lida, Theeb, Adrastia, (Ganimeed, Eyo, Europa, Callisto are called as moons of Galileo since Galileo Galilee discovered it in 1610).
Ganimeed- largest satellite in milky way.
Jyuno was the satellite launched by NASA to study Jupiter in 5th August 2011.
Galileo- 1st mission of NASA to study Jupiter.

6. Saturn ;----
The typhoon 'superwind' happens here.
Black rain occurs here.
The planet with density less than that of water.
Satellites- Tethis, Dione, Riya, Feeb, Janus, Helen, Calipso, Atlas, Prometheus, Pandora, Hyperion.

7. Uranus (Green/Rolling planet) ;----
The 3rd largest planet in the solar system discovered by William Heershun.
The planet called as 'skyfather'.
Satellite- Titania(largest), Oberon, Miranda, Cordelia, Desdimona, Juliet, Puk, Caliban, Prospero, Francisco, Margaret.

8. Neptune ;----
The home of the strongest storms in the milky way.
Satellites- Triton(largest), Nereed, Nayad, Thalasa, Galatia, Larissa, Savo, Neso.

Pluto:----
Now classified as a dwarf planet.
Discovered by Clyde Tombaugh.
5 satellite- Charon(20,000 km from Pluto.
James Christi in 1978 discovered Charon.
It's the only satellite in the solar system with an atmosphere), Nix, Hydra, Styx, Kerberos.
3 dwarf planets in the solar system are- Pluto, eris, Seras.
Moon;----

Only satellite of Earth.
It takes 27.3 days to complete one revolution around Earth. The most abundant element is Oxygen.
Study of moon is called Selenology.
Average distance b/w earth & moon- 3,84,000 km.
Mount Huygens, Mount Hadley are the peaks.
Alps, Carpathian,Kakasus- mountain ranges.
Largest crater on moon's surface- South pole itken basin.
Light travels approx 3 lakh km/s. Light from the Sunreaches earth in 8 min 20s (500s).
Light from moon reach Earth in 1.3s.
The sky of the moon is black.
The place where Neil Armstrong & Edwin Aldrin footed is called- 'ocean of peace/sea of tranquility'. Till 2017, 12 people stepped on the moon. Last & the only scientist to do so was Harrison Schmidt(1972 Dec). Luna 2(1959) was the 1st shuttle to land on the moon.
Aldebarren- The star with Orange shade.

Scientific Inventions & Discoveries

'The voyage in the Beegle'- work of Charles Darwin, after 5 years of ship voyage.

Gravity ;-----
Sir Isaac Newton discovered the Force of Gravity. His major publication is 'Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica'. Newton's laws of motion published through this book.

Electric Bulb ;-----
Invented by Thomas Alva Edison.

X-Rays(1895) ;-----
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German physicist invented X-Ray for which he earned the 1st Nobel in 1901. Cathode rays striking heavy metals with high melting point, x-rays are produced.
They're electromagnetic waves produced in Coolidge tubes.
X-ray intensity depends on heating voltage or filament current.
1) Used to detect bone fractures, bullet or stone in the body, treat cancer like diseases.
2) ‎Used in study of crystal structure, detecting pearls in oysters.
In honor of his contributions, International Union of Pure & Applied Chemistry(IUPAC), named element Roentagenium after his name.

Raman Effect ;-----
C V Raman discovered Raman effect.
It is used to study Molecular Energy.
February 28 is celebrated as National Science Day, the very day on which Raman effect was declared.

Infrared Rays ;-----
1) Electromagnetic waves used in breath analyzers to catch people driving under alcohol.
2) ‎Used in airports to detect people suffering from swine flu.
3) ‎Used to treat muscular strain, taking photograph in fog/smoke, in greenhouse to keep plants warm, in weather forecasting through infrared photography, in night vision apparatus.

Ultraviolet Rays ;-----
1) Used in study of molecular structure, in sterilizing surgical instruments, detecting forged documents & fingerprints, in water purification to kill harmful microorganisms.

Radar ;-----
Detect & measure distance & position of clouds, explore metal/oil reserve, outer layer of atmosphere, locate& identify aeroplanes, ships, missiles etc.

Masers ;-----
Detect actual position of the artificial position of the artificial satellites, fighter planes, unwanted missiles etc.

Photoelectric Effect ;-----
Phenomenon of emission of electrons from a metal surface when light of suitable frequency strikes it.

Explained by Albert Einstein.

Scientists

Dr. P.K.K Nair ;--

Father of Indian Palynology(study of pollen grains).
He was known for his contribution to the development of Palynology.
Founded Environmental Resources Research Centre (ERRC) in 1991.

Prof. C.V Visweshwara;--
Known for his pioneering work on Black holes. He was among the first to study Black holes even before they had been so named.

Robert Boyle (1627-1691);--
Father of modern chemistry.
In 1661 wrote the book 'The Sceptical Chemist'.

Michael Faraday ;--
Father of Electricity.
He discovered electromagnetic induction.
Transformer work on this theory.
He also invented Dynamo.
Unit of capacitance - Farad.

Susrutha ;--
He is called the Father of Operations.

Ernest Rutherford ;--
Father of Nuclear Physics.

Joseph Priestley ;--
Father of Soda pop.

Karl Linnaeus ;--
He is the father of Scientific classification, introduced Binomial Nomenclature in his book 'species plantum'.

Aristotle ;--
He is the father of Zoology. He is the founder of life science which is the study of life forms. He divided living beings into Red blooded & non red blooded.

Theophrastus ;--
Father of Botany.

Gregory Mendel ;--
Father of genetic science.

Ian Wilmot ;--
Father of cloning.

Hugo De Vries ;--
The father of mutation theory.

Stephen Hawking(1942- 2018) ;--
Legendary theoretical physicist hails from U.K.

Computer Facts

Charles Babbage was called as he father of electronics communication age.

Compact Disc (CD), invented by James T Russel. Aluminum is used to make CDs.
Father of computer science- Alan Turing.
Father of supercomputer- Seymour Kray.
Father of Indian super computer- Dr. Vijay P Bhatkar.
Father of artificial intelligence- John McCarthy.
The Father of IT- Claude Shanon.
World computer literacy day- 2nd December.
Google was founded by Larry Paige & Sergei Brin.
Father of Internet- Winton Serf.
James A Gosling invented Java.
Windows Vista code name- Longhorn.
Sakunthala Devi known as the human computer of India.
People who work with computer is called a Liveware.
JM Coetzee, a computer engineer won the Nobel prize for literature (2003).
Tim Burners Lee wrote 'Weaving the Web'.
Beta test is the trial test of a computer or software before the commercial launch.
Google tag line- "Do No Evil".
Vivah- 1st Indian movie(Hindi) to release through internet.
PDF- Portable document format.
Rediff.com- founded by Ajith Balakrishnan & Manish Agarwal.
Computer mouse invented by Douglas Engelbart.
Mows- a type of mouse for handicapped people.
EDBMS- Relational data base management system.
World's 1st microprocessor- Intel 4004.
SQL- Structured Query Language.
COBOL- (Common Business Oriented Language) was developed by Grace Murray Cooper.
Email was developed by Raymond Samuel Tomlinson.
IBM- The Big Blue.
IEEE- Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers.
Green Dam is web filter.
Netizen- Net Citizen, Citizen who use Internet.
Scareware- fake antivirus softwares.
1st smartphone was launched in 1992.
CMOS- Complementary metal oxide semiconductor.
CPU consists of registers & arithmetic logic units, instruction decoding circuit, a control & timing section.
Integrated circuits consist of transistor.
Half byte = nibble
Hard disc can store large amount of data.
Mark 1- 1st computer made available for commercial use.
DMA- Direct Memory Access
FAT- File Allocation Table
C programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie.
Hotmail founded by Subir Bhatia.
UNIVAC- Universal Automatic Computer.
C-DAC - Centre for Development of Advanced Computing.
ASCII- American standard code for information interchange.
ATM- Automated Teller Machine
BCR- Bar Code Reader.
BIOS- Basic Input Output System
The complete database of govt employees of Kerala - (SPARK) Service & Payroll Administrative Repository for Kerala.
Manjeshwaram- India's 1st e-payment grampanchayat.
Vellanad- Kerala's 1st computerized panchayat.
Yahoo was developed by David Filo & Jerry Young.
UPS- Uninterrupted Power Supply.
1st computer game- Space War.